‘FutureGen’ project - to design, build and operate a nearly emission-free coal-based electricity and hydrogen:
The clean coal technology field is moving very rapidly in the direction of coal gasification with a second stage so as to produce a concentrated and pressurised carbon dioxide stream followed by its separation and geological storage. At present the high cost of carbon capture and storage renders the option uneconomic. But a lot of work is being done by many of the research institutes, to improve the economic viability of this system.
More recently department of energy (DOE) of Federal Govt. of the USA has announced ‘FutureGen’ project to design, build and operate a nearly emission-free coal-based electricity and hydrogen production plant. It will use cutting-edge technologies to generate electricity while capturing and permanently storing carbon dioxide deep beneath the earth. The integration of these technologies is what makes FutureGen unique. Researchers and industry have made great progress advancing technologies for coal gasification, electricity generation, emissions control, carbon dioxide capture and storage, and hydrogen production. But these technologies have yet to be put together and tested at a single plant - an essential step for technical and commercial viability.
Therefore, the FutureGen initiative would have comprised a coal gasification plant with additional water-shift reactor, to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide. About one million tones of CO2 would then be separated by membrane technology and sequestered geologically. The hydrogen would have been be burned in a power generating plant and in fuel cells. The project was designed to validate the technical feasibility and economic viability of near-zero emission coal-based generation. Construction of FutureGen was due to start in 2009, for operation in 2012.
Coal gasification processes –
(a) In conventional plants coal, often pulverised, is burned with excess air (to give complete combustion), resulting in very dilute carbon dioxide at the rate of 800 to 1200 g/kWh.
(b) Gasification converts the coal to burnable gas with the maximum amount of potential energy from the coal being in the gas.
(c) In Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) the first gasification step is pyrolysis, from 400°C up, where the coal in the absence of oxygen rapidly gives carbon-rich char and hydrogen-rich volatiles.
(d) In the second step the char is gasified from 700°C up to yield gas, leaving ash. With oxygen feed, the gas is not diluted with nitrogen.
(e) The key reactions today are C + O2 to CO, and the water gas reaction: C + H2O (steam) to CO & H2 - syngas, which reaction is endothermic.
(f) In gasification, including that using oxygen, the O2 supply is much less than required for full combustion, so as to yield CO and H2.
(g) The hydrogen has a heat value of 121 MJ/kg - about five times that of the coal, so it is a very energy-dense fuel.
(h) However, the air separation plant to produce oxygen consumes up to 20% of the gross power of the whole IGCC plant system.
(i) This syngas can then be burned in a gas turbine, the exhaust gas from which can then be used to raise steam for a steam turbine, hence the "combined cycle" in IGCC.
(j) To achieve a much fuller clean coal technology in the future, the water-shift reaction will become a key part of the process so that:
(i) C + O2 gives CO, and
(ii) C + H2O gives CO & H2, then the
(iii) CO + H2O gives CO2 & H2 (the water-shift reaction).
(k) The products are then concentrated CO2 which can be captured, and hydrogen. (There is also some hydrogen from the coal pyrolysis), which is the final fuel for the gas turbine.
(k) Overall thermal efficiency for oxygen-blown coal gasification, including carbon dioxide capture and sequestration, is about 73%.
(l) Using the hydrogen in a gas turbine for electricity generation is efficient, so the overall system has long-term potential to achieve an efficiency of up to 60%.
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